Cat CDZ

For questions 1-12, read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example (0). TIP: • Read the title to get a general idea of what the text is going to be about. • Read the text once to get the general idea. • Read again. Pay close attention to the words before and after each gap. • Look at the choices you have. Choose the best one. • Read again to see whether it makes sense. THE RULES OF INTRODUCTION Awkwardness rules As it is, our introductions and greetings tend 0___ be uncomfortable, clumsy and inelegant. Among established friends, there is less awkwardness, 1___ we are often still not quite sure what to 2___ with our hands, or whether to hug or kiss. The French custom of a kiss on each cheek has 3___ popular among the chattering classes and some other middle- and upper-middle-class groups. Handshakes are now the norm in business introductions - or rather, they are the norm 4___ people in business are 5___ to each other for the first time. At subsequent meetings, particularly as business contacts get to 6___ each other better, a handshake 7___ often starts to seem to be too formal, but cheek-kisses would be too 8___, and in any 9___ not allowed between males, so we revert to the usual embarassed confusion, 10___ no-one being quite sure what to do. Hands are half-extended and then withdrawn or turned 11___ a sort of vague wave. This is excrutiatingly English: over-formality is 12___ , but so is an inapppropiate degree of informality.

Read the text and fill in the gaps.

Choose the correct word. If you stop eating sweets, you will be able to __________ your weight.

Choose the correct word. Мy dad had to __________ his salt intake for health reasons.

Choose the correct word. After eating, blood sugar levels __________.

Choose the correct word. When I finish medical school, I will have __________ my goal.

Choose the correct word. Before eating a banana you have to __________ the skin.

Choose the correct word. He's alwаys __________ animals with love.

Choose the correct word. Му gran has __________ teeth.

Choose the correct word. Runners usually have __________ athletic bodies.

Choose the correct word. Always read food labels to check for hidden __________.

Choose the correct word. I found a really good __________ on the Net for pumpkin pie.

Read the text and decide which answer best fits each gap.

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the right phrases. There is ONE EXTRA phrase you don’t need to use.

Read the text and choose the word which best fits each gap (1-8). Use only one word in each gap.

Read the texts and match them with the titles. There is one extra title you do not need to use.

Read the text. Six phrases have been removed from the text. Choose from the phrases the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra phrase which you do not need to use.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form using the correct type of the conditional. If a major earthquake ________ 1. (strike) a densely populated city, it will cause widespread destruction and loss of life.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form using the correct type of the conditional. If early warning systems _______ 2. (be) in place, the damage from the tsunami could have been greatly reduced.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form using the correct type of the conditional. If relief efforts ______3. (delay), the aftermath of a natural disaster would become even more devastating for affected communities.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form using the correct type of the conditional. If people _____4. ( live) farther from the coast, they would be less vulnerable to storm surges during tropical cyclones.

Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form using the correct type of the conditional. If deforestation _______ 5. (continue) at its current rate, landslides would have become more common in mountainous areas 3 years ago.

Choose the best answer which fits the gap (1-5).

Choose the best answer which fits the gap (1-5).

Choose the best answer which fits the gap (1-5).

Choose the best answer which fits the gap (1-5).

Choose the best answer which fits the gap (1-5).

Read the text below. Use the words given in brackets to form new words that fit in the gaps correctly.

Match the beginnings to the endings of the structures.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. Russia, the largest country in the world, faces significant environmental challenges despite its vast natural resources. From deforestation to pollution, the 1. _____ situation in Russia reflects a complex interplay of industrial activity, natural resource exploitation, and the growing impact of climate change.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. One of the most pressing issues is air pollution. Russia’s industrial hubs, such as cities like Moscow, St Petersburg, and Norilsk, face severe air quality problems due to 2. ______ from factories, power plants, and vehicles. Norilsk, for instance, is home to one of the world’s largest nickel and palladium mining operations, and it has become notorious for its toxic pollution, where the air often contains harmful levels of sulfur dioxide. This type of air pollution has caused widespread environmental damage, including the death of entire forests around the industrial areas.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. Deforestation is another major problem. The Siberian taiga, which houses the world’s largest forest, acts as a crucial carbon sink, helping to absorb CO2 emissions. However, illegal logging, forest fires, and industrial 3. _____ have led to large-scale deforestation, especially in the remote regions of Siberia and the Russian Far East. In recent years, wildfires have ravaged millions of hectares of Russian forests, exacerbated by higher-than-normal temperatures and dry conditions, which scientists link to climate change. These fires release massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, further accelerating global warming.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. Water pollution is also a growing concern in Russia. Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage frequently pollute rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, is one of the most polluted water bodies in the country due to waste from nearby industries and municipalities. In addition, the Aral Sea—which Russia shares responsibility for with Kazakhstan—has almost completely dried up due to 4. ______ water management practices, leaving behind toxic desert landscapes.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. In the Arctic, climate change is having a particularly devastating impact. Russia controls a significant portion of the Arctic, and warming temperatures are causing permafrost—the frozen soil that underlies much of Siberia—to thaw. This thawing is destabilizing infrastructure, leading to the collapse of buildings and roads, and is releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Additionally, melting ice is opening up new shipping routes and opportunities for resource extraction, but it also threatens fragile ecosystems and indigenous communities that rely on the region’s 5. ______ resources.

Read the text. Choose the best word that fits the space. Despite these challenges, there is growing awareness in Russia about the need for environmental protection. Some efforts are being made to address these issues, such as the expansion of national parks, government initiatives to reduce industrial emissions, and reforestation programs. However, the scale of these efforts remains limited compared to the severity of the environmental problems the country faces. Addressing the environmental crisis in Russia requires stronger enforcement of regulations, investment in 6. ______ energy, and a shift towards more sustainable development practices.