Cat CDZ

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. A long-life Italian product 2. A surprising flavour 3. Ancient cave explorers 4. Remarkable remains 5. A discovered chamber 6. A great window into the past 7. A hidden settlement 8. Restoring to a good condition A. In 2006, a farmer in Matera arrived at a lake and found enormous vertebrae near the shore. It turned out to be the biggest whale fossil ever discovered. The creature was a blue whale, a species still alive today and famous for being the largest animal in existence, past and present. This individual measured 25.9 meters long, but more surprising was its age. The mammal cruised the seas 1.5 million years ago. This was much earlier than when giant whales supposedly became a thing. B. Around 20 years ago, archaeologists found pottery shards at Castelluccio, a village in central Italy. The fragments belonged to a jar. After its 400 pieces were reassembled, the vessel was around a meter tall and looked like an egg. 2018 analysis tried to find out what the jar contained and how old the contents were. Using several cutting-edge techniques, the team found signs of linoleic and oleic acid — in other words, olive oil. This was perhaps not so surprising given Italy’s long love affair with the “liquid gold,” as it is sometimes called. C. A few years ago, construction workers stumbled onto a religious site. While working near the Apennine Mountains in Italy, they found two temples from the late Roman period. Nobody knew who built the temples, what they were used for, and why the buildings appeared to stand alone in the valley. Between 2013 and 2015, archaeologists enlisted the help of drones. The plucky machines not only flew where no plane had flown before, but they also sent back photos. The pictures revealed something unexpected — near the temples was an entire settlement. D. When Nero ruled as the Roman emperor almost 2,000 years ago, he lived an opulent and cruel lifestyle. After his death in AD 68, his palace in Rome was so luxurious, but, piece by piece, it was deliberately obliterated. Some areas were hidden under renovations or filled with sand. In 2019, archaeologists engaged in a restoration project. While working, they needed more light. The moment it flooded the room, the team noticed an opening in one corner. Even half visible, it offered a wonderful glimpse at a room in which Nero himself might have stood. E. In 2019, around 180 human footprints were analyzed in northern Italy. Discovered inside a cave called Grotta della Basura, the prints revealed that five people had entered it 14,000 years ago. They were two adults and 3 children. After making it 150 meters into the cave, they arrived at a corridor and fell into a single file. The party walked close to the wall until the ceiling lowered and forced them to crawl. In a chamber they did something unusual. They scooped clay from the ground and smeared it on a stalagmite. The group then exited the cave. F. The Roman Empire was famous for its paved roads. One of its cities, Pompeii, was just as famous for being destroyed by a volcano in AD 79. The event preserved the settlement, making it a smorgasbord for archaeologists looking for time capsules. Sometimes, these capsules bring surprising details about the past into modern times. One of them was Pompeii’s metal streets. The lanes were not made of metal. But using a process that remains mysterious, the ancient Romans poured molten iron between the stones to repair them. This was pure genius. G. In 2015, researchers smelled cupcake-scented rocks in northern Italy. This was significant. The same molecule that gives the vanilla plant its flavour — vanillin — also occurs elsewhere in nature. However, in soil, bacteria quickly destroy it. Finding large amounts of vanilla in rocks dating back to the extinction meant that something had removed the bacteria. It was probably acid because acidifying milk prohibits bacteria and makes vanilla-flavoured drinks keep their taste longer. This supported the volcano theory — that eruptions caused acid rain on a global scale, destroying ecosystems and making survival difficult.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Changed from ancient times 2. First played in England 3. Appeared in the 19th century 4. Based on the children’s game 5. Played on pastures 6. Driven by 2 games 7. Highly arguable for Scottish people 8. Developed by the principal A. The origins of golf are highly debated. The Scots take total credit for it, and they are kind of right. The modern foundation of the game started in the mid-15th century in Scotland. However, there is evidence that the roots of the game sprouted in the small town of Loenen aan de Vecht in the Netherlands when it was played there in 1297. Besides the mention of colf in 1297, there is other evidence of golf-like games being played throughout the Netherlands centuries before the game of golf first appeared in Scottish literature in 1636. B. Canadians are gleefully boastful about their ice hockey heritage. According to them, it’s their game. However, according to a book that was published in 2014, hockey was probably invented in England. There are references to the game all the way back to as early the 1790s, and beyond that, it is unclear who created the game. Notable people who played included King Edward VII and Charles Darwin. Why Canada is often associated with hockey is that the first organized public game was played in Montreal on March 3, 1875. Before that, games were just played casually. C. Rugby supposedly got its start in 1876 when 16-year-old William Webb Ellis was playing soccer at the Rugby School in Warwickshire, England, and he picked up the ball and ran with it. Unfortunately, the story can’t be true because Ellis died in 1872, four years before he was credited with inventing rugby. The real story is that the game did grow out of the Rugby School and it was promoted by the school’s headmaster Thomas Arnold. The rules were first written in 1845 and it’s believed that the game grew out of soccer, but it’s unclear who was the first person to pick up the ball and run with it. D. Cricket is beloved in many countries around the world and watched by billions of people. In fact, it is the second most popular sport in the world. Cricket is believed to have gotten its start in the 13th century in rural England, where it was played by shepherds. The wicket gate of the sheep paddock was used as a target and then a ball of rags or wool was pitched at the target. An opposing player would use a shepherd’s crooked staff to prevent the ball from hitting the target. E. It’s believed that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all played some form of tennis. However, the linage of modern tennis starts around 1000 A.D. when it was played by French monks in a monastery. They would play with their hands and a wooded ball. The net was usually just a rope that stretched across a courtyard. This is also where tennis got its name. While playing, the monks would yell "tenez", which is French for "to take", while they served the ball. Over the next two centuries, the game gained popularity throughout Europe. F. Dr. James Naismith of Almonte, Ontario was born in 1861, he got his degree in physical education. After graduating, he moved to the United States, where he got a job at the Training School in Springfield. There, he was tasked with finding a suitable activity for a group of “incorrigibles.” The winters were cold in New England and the boys had to stay inside and became bored with all the games of the day. Naismith developed basketball remembering the game he played as a child called Duck on a Rock. G. The most common legend of the start of baseball is that it was invented in Cooperstown, New York, during the summer of 1839 by Abner Doubleday. After inventing the game, Doubleday went on to become a hero in the American Civil War. The only problem is that none of that is true. In 1839, Doubleday would have still been at West Point. Baseball probably descended from two games from England. The first is a game called rounders that was a children’s game that came to New England with the colonists, and the second is cricket.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Places to stay in 2.  Arts and culture 3.  New country image 4.  Going out 5.  Different landscapes 6.  Transport system 7.  National languages 8.  Eating out A. Belgium has always had a lot more than the faceless administrative buildings that you can see in the outskirts of its capital, Brussels. A number of beautiful historic cities and Brussels itself offer impressive architecture, lively nightlife, first-rate restaurants and numerous other attractions for visitors. Today, the old-fashioned idea of "boring Belgium" has been well and truly forgotten, as more and more people discover its very individual charms for themselves. B. Nature in Belgium is varied. The rivers and hills of the Ardennes in the southeast contrast sharply with the rolling plains which make up much of the northern and western countryside. The most notable features are the great forest near the frontier with Germany and Luxembourg and the wide, sandy beaches of the northern coast. C. It is easy both to enter and to travel around pocket- sized Belgium which is divided into the Dutchspeaking north and the French-speaking south. Officially the Belgians speak Dutch, French and German. Dutch is slightly more widely spoken than French, and German is spoken the least. The Belgians, living in the north, will often prefer to answer visitors in English rather than French, even if the visitor’s French is good. D. Belgium has a wide range of hotels from 5-star luxury to small family pensions and inns. In some regions of the country, farm holidays are available. There visitors can (for a small cost) participate in the daily work of the farm. There are plenty of opportunities to rent furnished villas, flats, rooms, or bungalows for a holiday period. These holiday houses and flats are comfortable and well-equipped. E. The Belgian style of cooking is similar to French, based on meat and seafood. Each region in Belgium has its own special dish. Butter, cream, beer and wine are generously used in cooking. The Belgians are keen on their food, and the country is very well supplied with excellent restaurants to suit all budgets. The perfect evening out here involves a delicious meal, and the restaurants and cafes are busy at all times of the week. F. As well as being one of the best cities in the world for eating out (both for its high quality and range), Brussels has a very active and varied nightlife. It has 10 theatres which produce plays in both Dutch and French. There are also dozens of cinemas, numerous discos and many night-time cafes in Brussels. Elsewhere, the nightlife choices depend on the size of the town, but there is no shortage of fun to be had in any of the major cities. G. There is a good system of underground trains, trams and buses in all the major towns and cities. In addition, Belgium’s waterways offer a pleasant way to enjoy the country. Visitors can take a one-hour cruise around the canals of Bruges (sometimes described as the Venice of the North) or an extended cruise along the rivers and canals linking the major cities of Belgium and the Netherlands.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Different terms 2.  The importance of sleep 3.  Lack of sleep 4.  Reasons to be active 5.  What is obesity 6.  Sleep and obesity 7.  Emotions and sleep 8.  How long to sleep A. When a person has excess weight or body fat, this might affect their health. It is usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are stored as fat. Obesity is a medical condition. It was first recognized as a disease in 1948 by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Obese people suffer from a large number of diseases. In most people, obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little. There are different types of obesity. B. It’s never too late to become more physically active. Physical activity refers to any movement of the body that uses energy. It can include housework, walking and gardening. Exercise is a kind of physical activity. It is planned and repetitive. Examples of exercise are going to the gym and running on a treadmill. If you are interested in maintaining good health, physical activity can be a great place to start. If you want to achieve fitness goals, you will need to incorporate structured exercise into your routine. C. Exercising regularly is one of the most important things you can do for your health. In the short term, exercise helps to control appetite, boost mood and improve sleep. In the long term, it reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, dementia and depression. Exercise plays a vital role in building and maintaining strong muscles and bones. Regular exercise also increases your chances of living longer. There are many types of physical activity, including swimming, running, jogging, walking and dancing. D. Sleep plays an essential role in your health and well-being. Getting enough good quality sleep has many benefits. It protects your physical and mental health, quality of life and personal safety. When we sleep, our brain lays down memory, restores daytime mental functioning and carries out processes that lead to physical growth. Poor sleep is strongly linked to weight gain. People with short sleep duration tend to weigh significantly more than those who get adequate sleep. Mental health issues are strongly linked to poor sleep quality. E. Sleep is a vital indicator of overall health and well-being. On average, adults should optimally receive between seven and nine hours of sleep each night, but those needs vary individually. For example, some people feel best with eight consecutive hours of sleep, while others do well with six to seven hours at night and daytime napping. Some people feel okay when their sleep schedule changes, while others feel strongly affected by a new schedule or even one night of insufficient sleep. F. Obesity develops when energy intake is greater than expenditure. Diet and physical activity play an important part in this. However, an additional factor may be inadequate sleep. A growing body of research suggests that there’s a link between how much people sleep and how much they weigh. In general, children and adults who get too little sleep tend to weigh more than those who get enough sleep. People who don’t get enough sleep may take in more calories than those who do, simply because they are awake longer and have more opportunities to eat. G. People find it harder to fall asleep when they are anxious and sad. The relationship between mood disorders and quality sleep is a complex, two-way street. Just as negative mood states can make getting a good night’s sleep a virtual impossibility, insufficient sleep can lead to depression. Regardless of which comes first, the end result is that a blue mood and poor sleep go hand-inhand. The amount and quality of our sleep can play a huge role in our mental health including how we feel and how we act toward other people.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. A meal all in one package 2. Ancient liquid food 3. A sweet dairy recipe 4. Described in the poem 5. The dish for Spanish conquerors 6. French food sold up to now 7. Similar to the stone soup 8. A popular ritual dish A. What might be Hannibal Lecter’s favourite meal, maccu is an ancient Roman dish made primarily from crushed beans. Initially created on the Island of Sicily, this particular dish spread once the Sicilians were integrated into the Roman Empire. As for the preparation, the beans were boiled with any number of herbs and spices. Olive oil was added to the mixture, and it was eaten as a soup. Though a rarity in today’s Sicily, some restaurants carry the foodstuff as peasant food, meant to play on our nostalgia for ages past. B. Staying in ancient Rome, moretum was a kind of cheese spread that Roman peasants used on the various breads which they ate.The great poet Virgil compiled a collection of poetry called Appendix Vergiliana. One of the poems discusses the foodstuff, and it is named “Moretum”. In the poem, the peasant collected ingredients from his land such as garlic, herbs, and butter and then produced the meal, all while talking and singing to his slave. There was also a widely eaten variant involving pine nuts which was remarkably similar to modern-day pesto. C. Deriving its name from the Sanskrit word for “milk” (ksheer) and the Persian word for “sweet” (qand), shrikhand is a dessert made from milk. The exact origins are lost to history, but tradition says it arose in ancient western India. Different versions of shrikhand contained various ingredients, including sugar, spices, and nuts. Most commonly found in India today, shrikhand is served as a breakfast dish in the North. In the South, they’ve kept its tradition as a dessert. D. An extremely traditional Mesoamerican foodstuff, tamales have been cooked since at least 1500 BC. Some evidence actually points to as long ago as 8000 BC. The word itself is derived from the Nahuatl word for “wrapped food”. In English, it’s commonly spelled and pronounced “tamale.” Tradition holds that the Maya would make their cornmeal delights both filled and unfilled, with the fillings ranging from fish to beans to eggs. As for the tamales’ wrapping, which serves to help the steaming process, corn husks are the most widely used. E. Acquacotta, another peasant’s dish, originally came from western coastal Italy. Literally translated as “cooked water,” this particular foodstuff is a relatively simple soup. Farmers and other labourers often just gathered whatever wild herbs and vegetables they could find. Legends abound about the initial creation of the dish. In one of many versions, a poor person convinces others to add ingredients to his pot, which began with nothing but water and a stone inside it. Eventually, a delicious soup was created and everyone enjoyed themselves. F. Cantal cheese is one of the oldest cheeses in the history of France. It is a particular type of a semi-hard cheese. The Roman author Pliny the Elder wrote about the cheese in the first century AD. Pliny said that the best cheese came from Nimes, a city in southern France. Relatively unchanged through the centuries that followed its creation, Cantal cheese rose to prominence during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Today’s Cantal cheese is sold much younger than it traditionally was, often with much less salt as well. G. Papadzules is a traditional dish from the Yucatan Peninsula. Traditionally made by the Maya, the dish consists of tortillas, preferably corn, dipped in a sauce made from pumpkin seeds. Chopped hardboiled eggs are placed in the tortilla, and it is wrapped shut and put into a tomato sauce. As for the name, the story goes that it meant “food for the lords” and the papadzules were fed to the Spanish conquistadors who encountered the Maya.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Natural ways to adapt 2. Stronger than humans 3. Our intelligent neighbours 4. Extraordinary productivity 5. Impressive forms of communication 6. Impressive hearing abilities 7. A remarkable sight 8. Incredible speed A. As humans, we see ourselves as the strongest race. Although our strength is notable, tiny creatures such as beetles and ants put us to shame. The dung beetle, for instance, pulls 1,141 times its own body weight! While it may not seem remarkable due to its small stature, keep in mind that the human equivalent of such strength would require the ability to lift almost 73,000 kilograms. In the way of sheer weight, African elephants take the cake. These enormous, lovable creatures can carry over 9,000 kilograms. B. One of the fastest men alive, Usain Bolt, was noted for having reached the speed of 44.72 kilometres per hour in a 100-meter dash. A cheetah, however, easily doubles Bolt’s speed in only three seconds. A bird noted as one of the fastest living creatures, the peregrine falcon, can reach an earth-shattering 355 kilometres per hour. The reason for this is simply necessity. To intercept its prey in the sky, the peregrine falcon must dive at remarkable speeds. C. We can all admit that humans are not the most productive creatures at times. But we have also heard the saying “as busy as a bee.” Some bees will work only several hours, while some will work over 12. Worker bees are busy day and night. Due to the lack of restrictions based on environmental and time factors, these bees can continue their tasks, such as cooling the nest with their wings, tending to various honeycombs, and, of course, taking lunch breaks. D. As humans, we’ve made some incredible adaptations. However, these have relied heavily on machinery. Animals lack the ability to craft such things. As such, over thousands upon millions of years, they have been forced to adapt. For example, suppose an animal living in Southern Africa was not able to adequately feed itself because it could not reach its food. Over a very long time, that creature’s neck would grow, eventually becoming what it is now — a giraffe. E. Animals take this one by a landslide. Don’t get us wrong, humans have some incredible optical equipment. Beyond contacts and glasses, we’ve designed telescopes capable of seeing great distances across our universe. In practice, however, this equipment doesn’t compensate for our shortcomings in real-world practice. This is likely because humans no longer need to roam wide, open areas to survive. Creatures without access to agriculture, like birds, need strong eyesight. They must be able to see their prey long before the prey sees them. F. A bat’s hearing is so powerful that it almost single-handedly compensates for the creature’s terrible vision. As a bat travels through a cave, it emits squeaking sounds that bounce around the nearby walls. The animal uses this information to know where not to fly. A phenomenon common in many species is the idea that a lack of one sense strengthens another. In the bat’s case, a lack of sight means less brain power devoted to seeing. G. You’re probably on a cell phone or computer right now. They are amazing forms of communication, but they can’t compete with good, old-fashioned nature. Ants communicate using scented chemicals. Using their antennae, other ants can detect these various chemicals, with each acting as a sort of message or word. For instance, an ant coming under attack may emit a chemical detectable by thousands of members of its colony. As a result, what seems like a lone ant might change very quickly.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  A good investment 2.  How it all began 3.  Multi-purpose constructions 4.  All is well that ends well 5.  A vertical marathon 6.  Breathtaking athletic events 7.  21st century technology 8.  Once number one globally A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous  — and tallest  — towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia. B. The Ostankino Tower is 540 meters tall which makes it the tallest tower in Europe. When it was built in 1968, it was the tallest structure in the world, which it remained until 1975. The Ostankino Tower radio and television signal covers the area with the population of over 15 million people. The Tower also has an observation platform and a restaurant about 330 meters in the air which you can reach on one of the lifts in just 58 seconds. C. The first Radio Tower in Moscow was built during the Civil War in 1922 by the outstanding Russian architect Vladimir Shukhov and is a hyperboloid structure. In fact, it was Shukhov who first invented the hyperboloid metal structure in the 1890s, inspired by the weaving of peasant baskets. Vladimir Lenin himself approved the construction of this tower which today is considered a historic and architectural monument of Soviet Constructivism. D. Yet another use of television towers is holding sports events. Some of the most common ones are base-jumping, an extreme sport where participants jump off high structures with parachutes; and bungee jumping, where the jumpers are attached to a tall structure with a large elastic cord. Among the more traditional competitions is racing up the tower staircase, which was held in the Ostankino Tower up until 2000, when the tower was damaged by the fire. E. The fire broke out at a height of 458 m on 27 August, 2000. It took over 300 firefighters, more than 24 hours and a lot of effort to stop it. Many people were afraid that the tower would not be able to survive and would collapse. Luckily it didn’t happen. But almost all TV channels and some radio channels stopped working for several days. The reconstruction of the tower that followed lasted until 2007. In 2009 the tower reopened its doors to tourists. F. And not only to them. On July 21, 2018, Ostankino Tower was open again to 28 sportsmen from 12 countries who raced up its winding staircase. The staircase is very narrow, so the sportsmen had to run one by one with a 30 second interval between them. Only professional runners were allowed to participate. It was a German athlete Christian Riedl who made it to the top in just 9 minutes and 51 seconds, setting a new record. G. It would be logical to assume that television towers are the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  A time for physical exercise 2.  It is worth it! 3.  Traditional winter drinks 4.  Not as bad as you may think! 5.  A unique cultural season 6.  Just know the right people! 7.  Too pretty to be real! 8.  Where old and new times meet A. If you mention travelling to Moscow in the winter, most foreign tourists will think you are crazy. Many of them will imagine snow, freezing temperatures and having to wear big parkas and fur hats. They are missing out, though, because winter in Moscow is like a fairy tale, and one of the most beautiful times of the year to visit. There is so much to see and do that the chance to visit this beautiful city during the winter should not be missed. B. The shocking truth is that the Russian capital at wintertime is not as cold as many people would imagine. While the weather can be unpredictable, most of the time the temperature is around –5 degrees Celsius with a moderate amount of snow. Compared to Siberia, it is very mild. The biggest problems are that you can slip and fall on the ice, and salt on the sidewalks which can destroy your boots. C. Many famous places of interest in Moscow become magical in the winter. Red Square is one of the first places to go to. With the snow falling gently, Saint Basil's Cathedral looks like a giant wedding cake covered in icing. Another place one should certainly visit is Novodevichy Convent with its lacelike towers and golden domes. When surrounded by snow, it resembles a fairy-tale castle of a beautiful princess. D. Muscovites enjoy a wide variety of sports and activities in the wintertime. Cross-country skiing is a great way to both get fit and enjoy the winter beauty of the many public parks in Moscow. Another favorite pastime is ice skating. There is a giant skating rink every winter in Red Square and many smaller rinks throughout the city. There are many other winter sports that are popular such as snowboarding, sledding and ice fishing. E. There are a lot of events in Moscow that can be experienced only in winter. The New Year holiday celebration is the most special time of the year and is like Christmas and New Year's Eve combined into one big party. The Russian Winter festival features performances of traditional Russian song and dance, games, crafts and ice sculptures. Finally, those feeling brave can dive into an ice hole for the Epiphany holiday. F. If you get too cold while walking around, you can always go into a shop to warm up. There are many modern shopping malls throughout Moscow, but if you want to experience the retro charm and nostalgia of days past, there is no better place than GUM on Red Square or Eliseevsky food store on Tverskaya. In addition, there are many cafes located throughout the city if you need a hot drink or something to eat. G. If you make Russian friends, you may get invited to their dacha and see the beautiful winter countryside outside Moscow. Here the snow will be deeper and the temperatures lower, but you won't be too cold as Russians have ways to stay warm. Best of all is the Russian Steam Bath. You can sit in the steam and when you find yourself hot and sweaty, you can do as the Russians do and jump in the snow outside to cool off.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Various activities to choose 2. A unique fauna 3. Comparing to the Swiss Alps 4. Where the endangered animal lives 5. Living without noise 6. In commemoration of the great past 7. Better places to live 8. A source of particular pride A. While many people visit Australia for its brilliant beaches and year round sunshine, the Australian Alps, straddling New South Wales and Victoria, are a mecca for skiing enthusiasts. Snow usually falls between June and September, meaning Australia is the perfect place to get your skiing fix during the northern hemisphere summer. Blue Cow Mountain is one of the most popular areas, with a huge range of accommodation and runs as well as stunning views across the Alps. B. The large deserts of central Australia mean that the vast majority of the population live on the shores of this huge country. The large cities of Perth, Sydney, and Melbourne are iconic places to visit, with buzzing centres and a multitude of beaches, from the sands of Bondi to the surf of Trigg. Outside of the major hubs however, there are hundreds of smaller beach towns where you can appreciate Australia's beautiful coastline. C. The island of Tasmania is the ideal spot to experience the great outdoors — with air as clean as Antarctica, around one third of the state is a national park or World Heritage protected. It is a real paradise, with trails and walkways winding over the whole island, where the coastal paths reveal impressive views over the Wineglass Bay and the Bay of Fires. If walking isn't your cup of tea, enjoy kayaking, mountain biking, and exploring the island's caves. D. The Great Barrier Reef is the pride and joy of Australia, made up of nearly 2,500 individual reefs and visible from space. It stretched halfway down the eastern coast of the country, meaning there are plenty of places to use as jumping off points to explore the kaleidoscopic coral. Cairns is the most famous city to begin a trip out to the reef but Townsville, Port Douglas and Airlie Beach all have great beaches and various tours that can take you out to enjoy the reef. E. The sandy shores of Fraser Island are a highlight of any trip to Queensland. Hervey Bay is the jumping off point for exploring the island, so hop on a boat and discover the delights of this island paradise — the clear blue waters of Lake MacKenzie surrounded by the white sand shore and the serenity of Champagne Pools, where you can swim in the shallow pools at the edge of the ocean. There are 150 dingoes on the island so it is a great opportunity to spot one of Australia's famous wild dogs. F. The Great Ocean Road is one of the most famous drives in Australia, with stunning views and scenic vistas along the route. Built by returning soldiers after World War One, the road was dedicated as a memorial to those who died fighting and was designed to connect the isolated communities that clung to the edge of Victoria's rugged coastline. The Twelve Apostles are the famous sight on this winding route but the Split Point Lighthouse, the charming towns of Port Fairy and the surf coast of Apollo Bay are equally beautiful places to visit. G. The animals of Australia are some of the most interesting in the world, from cuddly marsupials to a huge variety of birds. There are so many opportunities to experience the wildlife of the country, from zoos and parks to spotting these unique creatures in the wild. It is easy to spot kangaroos in the fields and farmland of New South Wales but koalas and platypuses are a little more elusive.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Perfect time for a picnic 2.  See them fly 3.  From pig to pork 4.  From a holiday to a sport 5.  Diving into history 6.  Famous religious celebrations 7.  Animal races and shows 8.  Music from every corner of the world A. Diwali is a five-day festival that is celebrated in October or November, depending on the cycle of the moon. It represents the start of the Hindu New Year and honors the victory of good over evil, and brightness over darkness. It also marks the start of winter. Diwali is actually celebrated in honor of Lord Rama and his wife Sita. One of the best places to experience Diwali is in the «pink city» of Jaipur, in Rajasthan. Each year there's a competition for the best decorated and most brilliantly lit up market that attracts visitors from all over India. B. The Blossom Kite Festival, previously named the Smithsonian Kite Festival, is an annual event that is traditionally a part of the festivities at the National Cherry Blossom Festival on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Kite enthusiasts show off their stunt skills and compete for awards in over 36 categories including aerodynamics and beauty. The Kite Festival is one of the most popular annual events in Washington, DC and features kite fliers from across the U.S. and the world. C. The annual Ostrich Festival has been recognized as one of the «Top 10 Unique Festivals in the United States» with its lanky ostriches, multiple entertainment bands and many special gift and food vendors. It is truly a unique festival, and suitable for the entire family. The Festival usually holds Ostrich Races, an Exotic Zoo, Pig Races, a Sea Lion Show, a Hot Rod Show, Amateur Boxing and a Thrill Circus. D. Iceland's Viking Festival takes place in mid-June every year and lasts 6 days, no matter what the weather in Iceland may be. It's one of the most popular annual events in Iceland where you can see Viking-style costumes, musical instruments, jewelry and crafts at the Viking Village. Visitors at the Viking Festival see sword fighting by professional Vikings and demonstrations of marksmanship with bows and muscle power. They can listen to Viking songs and lectures at the festival, or grab a bite at the Viking Restaurant nearby. E. Dragon Boat Festival is one of the major holidays in Chinese culture. This summer festival was originally a time to ward off bad spirits, but now it is a celebration of the life of Qu Yuan, who was a Chinese poet of ancient period. Dragon boat festival has been an important holiday for centuries for Chinese culture, but in recent years dragon boat racing has become an international sport. F. The Mangalica Festival is held in early February at Vajdahunyad Castle in Budapest. It offers the opportunity to experience Hungarian food, music, and other aspects of Hungarian culture. The festival is named for a furry pig indigenous to the region of Hungary and the Balkans. A mangalica is a breed of pig recognizable by its curly hair and known for its fatty flesh. Sausage, cheese and other dishes made with pork can be sampled at the festival. G. Hanami is an important Japanese custom and is held all over Japan in spring. Hanami literally means «viewing flowers», but now it is a cherry blossom viewing. The origin of hanami dates back to more than one thousand years ago when aristocrats enjoyed looking at beautiful cherry blossoms and wrote poems. Nowadays, people in Japan have fun viewing cherry blossoms, drinking and eating. People bring home-cooked meals, do BBQ, or buy takeout food for hanami.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Various activities to choose 2. A unique fauna 3. Comparing to the Swiss Alps 4. Where the endangered animal lives 5. Living without noise 6. In commemoration of the great past 7. Better places to live 8. A source of particular pride A. While many people visit Australia for its brilliant beaches and year round sunshine, the Australian Alps, straddling New South Wales and Victoria, are a mecca for skiing enthusiasts. Snow usually falls between June and September, meaning Australia is the perfect place to get your skiing fix during the northern hemisphere summer. Blue Cow Mountain is one of the most popular areas, with a huge range of accommodation and runs as well as stunning views across the Alps. B. The large deserts of central Australia mean that the vast majority of the population live on the shores of this huge country. The large cities of Perth, Sydney, and Melbourne are iconic places to visit, with buzzing centres and a multitude of beaches, from the sands of Bondi to the surf of Trigg. Outside of the major hubs however, there are hundreds of smaller beach towns where you can appreciate Australia's beautiful coastline. C. The island of Tasmania is the ideal spot to experience the great outdoors — with air as clean as Antarctica, around one third of the state is a national park or World Heritage protected. It is a real paradise, with trails and walkways winding over the whole island, where the coastal paths reveal impressive views over the Wineglass Bay and the Bay of Fires. If walking isn't your cup of tea, enjoy kayaking, mountain biking, and exploring the island's caves. D. The Great Barrier Reef is the pride and joy of Australia, made up of nearly 2,500 individual reefs and visible from space. It stretched halfway down the eastern coast of the country, meaning there are plenty of places to use as jumping off points to explore the kaleidoscopic coral. Cairns is the most famous city to begin a trip out to the reef but Townsville, Port Douglas and Airlie Beach all have great beaches and various tours that can take you out to enjoy the reef. E. The sandy shores of Fraser Island are a highlight of any trip to Queensland. Hervey Bay is the jumping off point for exploring the island, so hop on a boat and discover the delights of this island paradise — the clear blue waters of Lake MacKenzie surrounded by the white sand shore and the serenity of Champagne Pools, where you can swim in the shallow pools at the edge of the ocean. There are 150 dingoes on the island so it is a great opportunity to spot one of Australia's famous wild dogs. F. The Great Ocean Road is one of the most famous drives in Australia, with stunning views and scenic vistas along the route. Built by returning soldiers after World War One, the road was dedicated as a memorial to those who died fighting and was designed to connect the isolated communities that clung to the edge of Victoria's rugged coastline. The Twelve Apostles are the famous sight on this winding route but the Split Point Lighthouse, the charming towns of Port Fairy and the surf coast of Apollo Bay are equally beautiful places to visit. G. The animals of Australia are some of the most interesting in the world, from cuddly marsupials to a huge variety of birds. There are so many opportunities to experience the wildlife of the country, from zoos and parks to spotting these unique creatures in the wild. It is easy to spot kangaroos in the fields and farmland of New South Wales but koalas and platypuses are a little more elusive.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Various activities to choose 2. A unique fauna 3. Comparing to the Swiss Alps 4. Where the endangered animal lives 5. Living without noise 6. In commemoration of the great past 7. Better places to live 8. A source of particular pride A. While many people visit Australia for its brilliant beaches and year round sunshine, the Australian Alps, straddling New South Wales and Victoria, are a mecca for skiing enthusiasts. Snow usually falls between June and September, meaning Australia is the perfect place to get your skiing fix during the northern hemisphere summer. Blue Cow Mountain is one of the most popular areas, with a huge range of accommodation and runs as well as stunning views across the Alps. B. The large deserts of central Australia mean that the vast majority of the population live on the shores of this huge country. The large cities of Perth, Sydney, and Melbourne are iconic places to visit, with buzzing centres and a multitude of beaches, from the sands of Bondi to the surf of Trigg. Outside of the major hubs however, there are hundreds of smaller beach towns where you can appreciate Australia's beautiful coastline. C. The island of Tasmania is the ideal spot to experience the great outdoors — with air as clean as Antarctica, around one third of the state is a national park or World Heritage protected. It is a real paradise, with trails and walkways winding over the whole island, where the coastal paths reveal impressive views over the Wineglass Bay and the Bay of Fires. If walking isn't your cup of tea, enjoy kayaking, mountain biking, and exploring the island's caves. D. The Great Barrier Reef is the pride and joy of Australia, made up of nearly 2,500 individual reefs and visible from space. It stretched halfway down the eastern coast of the country, meaning there are plenty of places to use as jumping off points to explore the kaleidoscopic coral. Cairns is the most famous city to begin a trip out to the reef but Townsville, Port Douglas and Airlie Beach all have great beaches and various tours that can take you out to enjoy the reef. E. The sandy shores of Fraser Island are a highlight of any trip to Queensland. Hervey Bay is the jumping off point for exploring the island, so hop on a boat and discover the delights of this island paradise — the clear blue waters of Lake MacKenzie surrounded by the white sand shore and the serenity of Champagne Pools, where you can swim in the shallow pools at the edge of the ocean. There are 150 dingoes on the island so it is a great opportunity to spot one of Australia's famous wild dogs. F. The Great Ocean Road is one of the most famous drives in Australia, with stunning views and scenic vistas along the route. Built by returning soldiers after World War One, the road was dedicated as a memorial to those who died fighting and was designed to connect the isolated communities that clung to the edge of Victoria's rugged coastline. The Twelve Apostles are the famous sight on this winding route but the Split Point Lighthouse, the charming towns of Port Fairy and the surf coast of Apollo Bay are equally beautiful places to visit. G. The animals of Australia are some of the most interesting in the world, from cuddly marsupials to a huge variety of birds. There are so many opportunities to experience the wildlife of the country, from zoos and parks to spotting these unique creatures in the wild. It is easy to spot kangaroos in the fields and farmland of New South Wales but koalas and platypuses are a little more elusive.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Changed from ancient times 2. First played in England 3. Appeared in the 19th century 4. Based on the children’s game 5. Played on pastures 6. Driven by 2 games 7. Highly arguable for Scottish people 8. Developed by the principal A. The origins of golf are highly debated. The Scots take total credit for it, and they are kind of right. The modern foundation of the game started in the mid-15th century in Scotland. However, there is evidence that the roots of the game sprouted in the small town of Loenen aan de Vecht in the Netherlands when it was played there in 1297. Besides the mention of golf in 1297, there is other evidence of golf-like games being played throughout the Netherlands centuries before the game of golf first appeared in Scottish literature in 1636. B. Canadians are gleefully boastful about their ice hockey heritage. According to them, it’s their game. However, according to a book that was published in 2014, hockey was probably invented in England. There are references to the game all the way back to as early the 1790s, and beyond that, it is unclear who created the game. Notable people who played included King Edward VII and Charles Darwin. Why Canada is often associated with hockey is that the first organized public game was played in Montreal on March 3, 1875. Before that, games were just played casually. C. Rugby supposedly got its start in 1876 when 16-year-old William Webb Ellis was playing soccer at the Rugby School in Warwickshire, England, and he picked up the ball and ran with it. Unfortunately, the story can’t be true because Ellis died in 1872, four years before he was credited with inventing rugby. The real story is that the game did grow out of the Rugby School and it was promoted by the school’s headmaster Thomas Arnold. The rules were first written in 1845 and it’s believed that the game grew out of soccer, but it’s unclear who was the first person to pick up the ball and run with it. D. Cricket is beloved in many countries around the world and watched by billions of people. In fact, it is the second most popular sport in the world. Cricket is believed to have gotten its start in the 13th century in rural England, where it was played by shepherds. The wicket gate of the sheep paddock was used as a target and then a ball of rags or wool was pitched at the target. An opposing player would use a shepherd’s crooked staff to prevent the ball from hitting the target. E. It’s believed that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all played some form of tennis. However, the linage of modern tennis starts around 1000 A.D. when it was played by French monks in a monastery. They would play with their hands and a wooded ball. The net was usually just a rope that stretched across a courtyard. This is also where tennis got its name. While playing, the monks would yell "tenez", which is French for "to take", while they served the ball. Over the next two centuries, the game gained popularity throughout Europe. F. Dr. James Naismith of Almonte, Ontario was born in 1861, he got his degree in physical education. After graduating, he moved to the United States, where he got a job at the Training School in Springfield. There, he was tasked with finding a suitable activity for a group of “incorrigibles.” The winters were cold in New England and the boys had to stay inside and became bored with all the games of the day. Naismith developed basketball remembering the game he played as a child called Duck on a Rock. G. The most common legend of the start of baseball is that it was invented in Cooperstown, New York, during the summer of 1839 by Abner Doubleday. After inventing the game, Doubleday went on to become a hero in the American Civil War. The only problem is that none of that is true. In 1839, Doubleday would have still been at West Point. Baseball probably descended from two games from England. The first is a game called rounders that was a children’s game that came to New England with the colonists, and the second is cricket.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Places to stay in 2.  Arts and culture 3.  New country image 4.  Going out 5.  Different landscapes 6.  Transport system 7.  National languages 8.  Eating out A. Belgium has always had a lot more than the faceless administrative buildings that you can see in the outskirts of its capital, Brussels. A number of beautiful historic cities and Brussels itself offer impressive architecture, lively nightlife, first-rate restaurants and numerous other attractions for visitors. Today, the old-fashioned idea of "boring Belgium" has been well and truly forgotten, as more and more people discover its very individual charms for themselves. B. Nature in Belgium is varied. The rivers and hills of the Ardennes in the southeast contrast sharply with the rolling plains which make up much of the northern and western countryside. The most notable features are the great forest near the frontier with Germany and Luxembourg and the wide, sandy beaches of the northern coast. C. It is easy both to enter and to travel around pocket- sized Belgium which is divided into the Dutchspeaking north and the French-speaking south. Officially the Belgians speak Dutch, French and German. Dutch is slightly more widely spoken than French, and German is spoken the least. The Belgians, living in the north, will often prefer to answer visitors in English rather than French, even if the visitor’s French is good. D. Belgium has a wide range of hotels from 5-star luxury to small family pensions and inns. In some regions of the country, farm holidays are available. There visitors can (for a small cost) participate in the daily work of the farm. There are plenty of opportunities to rent furnished villas, flats, rooms, or bungalows for a holiday period. These holiday houses and flats are comfortable and well-equipped. E. The Belgian style of cooking is similar to French, based on meat and seafood. Each region in Belgium has its own special dish. Butter, cream, beer and wine are generously used in cooking. The Belgians are keen on their food, and the country is very well supplied with excellent restaurants to suit all budgets. The perfect evening out here involves a delicious meal, and the restaurants and cafes are busy at all times of the week. F. As well as being one of the best cities in the world for eating out (both for its high quality and range), Brussels has a very active and varied nightlife. It has 10 theatres which produce plays in both Dutch and French. There are also dozens of cinemas, numerous discos and many night-time cafes in Brussels. Elsewhere, the nightlife choices depend on the size of the town, but there is no shortage of fun to be had in any of the major cities. G. There is a good system of underground trains, trams and buses in all the major towns and cities. In addition, Belgium’s waterways offer a pleasant way to enjoy the country. Visitors can take a one-hour cruise around the canals of Bruges (sometimes described as the Venice of the North) or an extended cruise along the rivers and canals linking the major cities of Belgium and the Netherlands.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Different terms 2.  The importance of sleep 3.  Lack of sleep 4.  Reasons to be active 5.  What is obesity 6.  Sleep and obesity 7.  Emotions and sleep 8.  How long to sleep A. When a person has excess weight or body fat, this might affect their health. It is usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are stored as fat. Obesity is a medical condition. It was first recognized as a disease in 1948 by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Obese people suffer from a large number of diseases. In most people, obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little. There are different types of obesity. B. It’s never too late to become more physically active. Physical activity refers to any movement of the body that uses energy. It can include housework, walking and gardening. Exercise is a kind of physical activity. It is planned and repetitive. Examples of exercise are going to the gym and running on a treadmill. If you are interested in maintaining good health, physical activity can be a great place to start. If you want to achieve fitness goals, you will need to incorporate structured exercise into your routine. C. Exercising regularly is one of the most important things you can do for your health. In the short term, exercise helps to control appetite, boost mood and improve sleep. In the long term, it reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, dementia and depression. Exercise plays a vital role in building and maintaining strong muscles and bones. Regular exercise also increases your chances of living longer. There are many types of physical activity, including swimming, running, jogging, walking and dancing. D. Sleep plays an essential role in your health and well-being. Getting enough good quality sleep has many benefits. It protects your physical and mental health, quality of life and personal safety. When we sleep, our brain lays down memory, restores daytime mental functioning and carries out processes that lead to physical growth. Poor sleep is strongly linked to weight gain. People with short sleep duration tend to weigh significantly more than those who get adequate sleep. Mental health issues are strongly linked to poor sleep quality. E. Sleep is a vital indicator of overall health and well-being. On average, adults should optimally receive between seven and nine hours of sleep each night, but those needs vary individually. For example, some people feel best with eight consecutive hours of sleep, while others do well with six to seven hours at night and daytime napping. Some people feel okay when their sleep schedule changes, while others feel strongly affected by a new schedule or even one night of insufficient sleep. F. Obesity develops when energy intake is greater than expenditure. Diet and physical activity play an important part in this. However, an additional factor may be inadequate sleep. A growing body of research suggests that there’s a link between how much people sleep and how much they weigh. In general, children and adults who get too little sleep tend to weigh more than those who get enough sleep. People who don’t get enough sleep may take in more calories than those who do, simply because they are awake longer and have more opportunities to eat. G. People find it harder to fall asleep when they are anxious and sad. The relationship between mood disorders and quality sleep is a complex, two-way street. Just as negative mood states can make getting a good night’s sleep a virtual impossibility, insufficient sleep can lead to depression. Regardless of which comes first, the end result is that a blue mood and poor sleep go hand-inhand. The amount and quality of our sleep can play a huge role in our mental health including how we feel and how we act toward other people.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. A meal all in one package 2. Ancient liquid food 3. A sweet dairy recipe 4. Described in the poem 5. The dish for Spanish conquerors 6. French food sold up to now 7. Similar to the stone soup 8. A popular ritual dish A. What might be Hannibal Lecter’s favourite meal, maccu is an ancient Roman dish made primarily from crushed beans. Initially created on the Island of Sicily, this particular dish spread once the Sicilians were integrated into the Roman Empire. As for the preparation, the beans were boiled with any number of herbs and spices. Olive oil was added to the mixture, and it was eaten as a soup. Though a rarity in today’s Sicily, some restaurants carry the foodstuff as peasant food, meant to play on our nostalgia for ages past. B. Staying in ancient Rome, moretum was a kind of cheese spread that Roman peasants used on the various breads which they ate.The great poet Virgil compiled a collection of poetry called Appendix Vergiliana. One of the poems discusses the foodstuff, and it is named “Moretum”. In the poem, the peasant collected ingredients from his land such as garlic, herbs, and butter and then produced the meal, all while talking and singing to his slave. There was also a widely eaten variant involving pine nuts which was remarkably similar to modern-day pesto. C. Deriving its name from the Sanskrit word for “milk” (ksheer) and the Persian word for “sweet” (qand), shrikhand is a dessert made from milk. The exact origins are lost to history, but tradition says it arose in ancient western India. Different versions of shrikhand contained various ingredients, including sugar, spices, and nuts. Most commonly found in India today, shrikhand is served as a breakfast dish in the North. In the South, they’ve kept its tradition as a dessert. D. An extremely traditional Mesoamerican foodstuff, tamales have been cooked since at least 1500 BC. Some evidence actually points to as long ago as 8000 BC. The word itself is derived from the Nahuatl word for “wrapped food”. In English, it’s commonly spelled and pronounced “tamale.” Tradition holds that the Maya would make their cornmeal delights both filled and unfilled, with the fillings ranging from fish to beans to eggs. As for the tamales’ wrapping, which serves to help the steaming process, corn husks are the most widely used. E. Acquacotta, another peasant’s dish, originally came from western coastal Italy. Literally translated as “cooked water,” this particular foodstuff is a relatively simple soup. Farmers and other labourers often just gathered whatever wild herbs and vegetables they could find. Legends abound about the initial creation of the dish. In one of many versions, a poor person convinces others to add ingredients to his pot, which began with nothing but water and a stone inside it. Eventually, a delicious soup was created and everyone enjoyed themselves. F. Cantal cheese is one of the oldest cheeses in the history of France. It is a particular type of a semi-hard cheese. The Roman author Pliny the Elder wrote about the cheese in the first century AD. Pliny said that the best cheese came from Nimes, a city in southern France. Relatively unchanged through the centuries that followed its creation, Cantal cheese rose to prominence during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Today’s Cantal cheese is sold much younger than it traditionally was, often with much less salt as well. G. Papadzules is a traditional dish from the Yucatan Peninsula. Traditionally made by the Maya, the dish consists of tortillas, preferably corn, dipped in a sauce made from pumpkin seeds. Chopped hard boiled eggs are placed in the tortilla, and it is wrapped shut and put into a tomato sauce. As for the name, the story goes that it meant “food for the lords” and the papadzules were fed to the Spanish conquistadors who encountered the Maya.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Natural ways to adapt 2. Stronger than humans 3. Our intelligent neighbours 4. Extraordinary productivity 5. Impressive forms of communication 6. Impressive hearing abilities 7. A remarkable sight 8. Incredible speed A. As humans, we see ourselves as the strongest race. Although our strength is notable, tiny creatures such as beetles and ants put us to shame. The dung beetle, for instance, pulls 1,141 times its own body weight! While it may not seem remarkable due to its small stature, keep in mind that the human equivalent of such strength would require the ability to lift almost 73,000 kilograms. In the way of sheer weight, African elephants take the cake. These enormous, lovable creatures can carry over 9,000 kilograms. B. One of the fastest men alive, Usain Bolt, was noted for having reached the speed of 44.72 kilometres per hour in a 100-meter dash. A cheetah, however, easily doubles Bolt’s speed in only three seconds. A bird noted as one of the fastest living creatures, the peregrine falcon, can reach an earth-shattering 355 kilometres per hour. The reason for this is simply necessity. To intercept its prey in the sky, the peregrine falcon must dive at remarkable speeds. C. We can all admit that humans are not the most productive creatures at times. But we have also heard the saying “as busy as a bee.” Some bees will work only several hours, while some will work over 12. Worker bees are busy day and night. Due to the lack of restrictions based on environmental and time factors, these bees can continue their tasks, such as cooling the nest with their wings, tending to various honeycombs, and, of course, taking lunch breaks. D. As humans, we’ve made some incredible adaptations. However, these have relied heavily on machinery. Animals lack the ability to craft such things. As such, over thousands upon millions of years, they have been forced to adapt. For example, suppose an animal living in Southern Africa was not able to adequately feed itself because it could not reach its food. Over a very long time, that creature’s neck would grow, eventually becoming what it is now — a giraffe. E. Animals take this one by a landslide. Don’t get us wrong, humans have some incredible optical equipment. Beyond contacts and glasses, we’ve designed telescopes capable of seeing great distances across our universe. In practice, however, this equipment doesn’t compensate for our shortcomings in real-world practice. This is likely because humans no longer need to roam wide, open areas to survive. Creatures without access to agriculture, like birds, need strong eyesight. They must be able to see their prey long before the prey sees them. F. A bat’s hearing is so powerful that it almost single-handedly compensates for the creature’s terrible vision. As a bat travels through a cave, it emits squeaking sounds that bounce around the nearby walls. The animal uses this information to know where not to fly. A phenomenon common in many species is the idea that a lack of one sense strengthens another. In the bat’s case, a lack of sight means less brain power devoted to seeing. G. You’re probably on a cell phone or computer right now. They are amazing forms of communication, but they can’t compete with good, old-fashioned nature. Ants communicate using scented chemicals. Using their antennae, other ants can detect these various chemicals, with each acting as a sort of message or word. For instance, an ant coming under attack may emit a chemical detectable by thousands of members of its colony. As a result, what seems like a lone ant might change very quickly.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  A good investment 2.  How it all began 3.  Multi-purpose constructions 4.  All is well that ends well 5.  A vertical marathon 6.  Breathtaking athletic events 7.  21st century technology 8.  Once number one globally A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous  — and tallest  — towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia. B. The Ostankino Tower is 540 meters tall which makes it the tallest tower in Europe. When it was built in 1968, it was the tallest structure in the world, which it remained until 1975. The Ostankino Tower radio and television signal covers the area with the population of over 15 million people. The Tower also has an observation platform and a restaurant about 330 meters in the air which you can reach on one of the lifts in just 58 seconds. C. The first Radio Tower in Moscow was built during the Civil War in 1922 by the outstanding Russian architect Vladimir Shukhov and is a hyperboloid structure. In fact, it was Shukhov who first invented the hyperboloid metal structure in the 1890s, inspired by the weaving of peasant baskets. Vladimir Lenin himself approved the construction of this tower which today is considered a historic and architectural monument of Soviet Constructivism. D. Yet another use of television towers is holding sports events. Some of the most common ones are base-jumping, an extreme sport where participants jump off high structures with parachutes; and bungee jumping, where the jumpers are attached to a tall structure with a large elastic cord. Among the more traditional competitions is racing up the tower staircase, which was held in the Ostankino Tower up until 2000, when the tower was damaged by the fire. E. The fire broke out at a height of 458 m on 27 August, 2000. It took over 300 firefighters, more than 24 hours and a lot of effort to stop it. Many people were afraid that the tower would not be able to survive and would collapse. Luckily it didn’t happen. But almost all TV channels and some radio channels stopped working for several days. The reconstruction of the tower that followed lasted until 2007. In 2009 the tower reopened its doors to tourists. F. And not only to them. On July 21, 2018, Ostankino Tower was open again to 28 sportsmen from 12 countries who raced up its winding staircase. The staircase is very narrow, so the sportsmen had to run one by one with a 30 second interval between them. Only professional runners were allowed to participate. It was a German athlete Christian Riedl who made it to the top in just 9 minutes and 51 seconds, setting a new record. G. It would be logical to assume that television towers are the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  A time for physical exercise 2.  It is worth it! 3.  Traditional winter drinks 4.  Not as bad as you may think! 5.  A unique cultural season 6.  Just know the right people! 7.  Too pretty to be real! 8.  Where old and new times meet A. If you mention travelling to Moscow in the winter, most foreign tourists will think you are crazy. Many of them will imagine snow, freezing temperatures and having to wear big parkas and fur hats. They are missing out, though, because winter in Moscow is like a fairy tale, and one of the most beautiful times of the year to visit. There is so much to see and do that the chance to visit this beautiful city during the winter should not be missed. B. The shocking truth is that the Russian capital at wintertime is not as cold as many people would imagine. While the weather can be unpredictable, most of the time the temperature is around –5 degrees Celsius with a moderate amount of snow. Compared to Siberia, it is very mild. The biggest problems are that you can slip and fall on the ice, and salt on the sidewalks which can destroy your boots. C. Many famous places of interest in Moscow become magical in the winter. Red Square is one of the first places to go to. With the snow falling gently, Saint Basil's Cathedral looks like a giant wedding cake covered in icing. Another place one should certainly visit is Novodevichy Convent with its lacelike towers and golden domes. When surrounded by snow, it resembles a fairy-tale castle of a beautiful princess. D. Muscovites enjoy a wide variety of sports and activities in the wintertime. Cross-country skiing is a great way to both get fit and enjoy the winter beauty of the many public parks in Moscow. Another favorite pastime is ice skating. There is a giant skating rink every winter in Red Square and many smaller rinks throughout the city. There are many other winter sports that are popular such as snowboarding, sledding and ice fishing. E. There are a lot of events in Moscow that can be experienced only in winter. The New Year holiday celebration is the most special time of the year and is like Christmas and New Year's Eve combined into one big party. The Russian Winter festival features performances of traditional Russian song and dance, games, crafts and ice sculptures. Finally, those feeling brave can dive into an ice hole for the Epiphany holiday. F. If you get too cold while walking around, you can always go into a shop to warm up. There are many modern shopping malls throughout Moscow, but if you want to experience the retro charm and nostalgia of days past, there is no better place than GUM on Red Square or Eliseevsky food store on Tverskaya. In addition, there are many cafes located throughout the city if you need a hot drink or something to eat. G. If you make Russian friends, you may get invited to their dacha and see the beautiful winter countryside outside Moscow. Here the snow will be deeper and the temperatures lower, but you won't be too cold as Russians have ways to stay warm. Best of all is the Russian Steam Bath. You can sit in the steam and when you find yourself hot and sweaty, you can do as the Russians do and jump in the snow outside to cool off.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Various activities to choose 2. A unique fauna 3. Comparing to the Swiss Alps 4. Where the endangered animal lives 5. Living without noise 6. In commemoration of the great past 7. Better places to live 8. A source of particular pride A. While many people visit Australia for its brilliant beaches and year round sunshine, the Australian Alps, straddling New South Wales and Victoria, are a mecca for skiing enthusiasts. Snow usually falls between June and September, meaning Australia is the perfect place to get your skiing fix during the northern hemisphere summer. Blue Cow Mountain is one of the most popular areas, with a huge range of accommodation and runs as well as stunning views across the Alps. B. The large deserts of central Australia mean that the vast majority of the population live on the shores of this huge country. The large cities of Perth, Sydney, and Melbourne are iconic places to visit, with buzzing centres and a multitude of beaches, from the sands of Bondi to the surf of Trigg. Outside of the major hubs however, there are hundreds of smaller beach towns where you can appreciate Australia's beautiful coastline. C. The island of Tasmania is the ideal spot to experience the great outdoors — with air as clean as Antarctica, around one third of the state is a national park or World Heritage protected. It is a real paradise, with trails and walkways winding over the whole island, where the coastal paths reveal impressive views over the Wineglass Bay and the Bay of Fires. If walking isn't your cup of tea, enjoy kayaking, mountain biking, and exploring the island's caves. D. The Great Barrier Reef is the pride and joy of Australia, made up of nearly 2,500 individual reefs and visible from space. It stretched halfway down the eastern coast of the country, meaning there are plenty of places to use as jumping off points to explore the kaleidoscopic coral. Cairns is the most famous city to begin a trip out to the reef but Townsville, Port Douglas and Airlie Beach all have great beaches and various tours that can take you out to enjoy the reef. E. The sandy shores of Fraser Island are a highlight of any trip to Queensland. Hervey Bay is the jumping off point for exploring the island, so hop on a boat and discover the delights of this island paradise — the clear blue waters of Lake MacKenzie surrounded by the white sand shore and the serenity of Champagne Pools, where you can swim in the shallow pools at the edge of the ocean. There are 150 dingoes on the island so it is a great opportunity to spot one of Australia's famous wild dogs. F. The Great Ocean Road is one of the most famous drives in Australia, with stunning views and scenic vistas along the route. Built by returning soldiers after World War One, the road was dedicated as a memorial to those who died fighting and was designed to connect the isolated communities that clung to the edge of Victoria's rugged coastline. The Twelve Apostles are the famous sight on this winding route but the Split Point Lighthouse, the charming towns of Port Fairy and the surf coast of Apollo Bay are equally beautiful places to visit. G. The animals of Australia are some of the most interesting in the world, from cuddly marsupials to a huge variety of birds. There are so many opportunities to experience the wildlife of the country, from zoos and parks to spotting these unique creatures in the wild. It is easy to spot kangaroos in the fields and farmland of New South Wales but koalas and platypuses are a little more elusive.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1.  Perfect time for a picnic 2.  See them fly 3.  From pig to pork 4.  From a holiday to a sport 5.  Diving into history 6.  Famous religious celebrations 7.  Animal races and shows 8.  Music from every corner of the world A. Diwali is a five-day festival that is celebrated in October or November, depending on the cycle of the moon. It represents the start of the Hindu New Year and honors the victory of good over evil, and brightness over darkness. It also marks the start of winter. Diwali is actually celebrated in honor of Lord Rama and his wife Sita. One of the best places to experience Diwali is in the «pink city» of Jaipur, in Rajasthan. Each year there's a competition for the best decorated and most brilliantly lit up market that attracts visitors from all over India. B. The Blossom Kite Festival, previously named the Smithsonian Kite Festival, is an annual event that is traditionally a part of the festivities at the National Cherry Blossom Festival on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Kite enthusiasts show off their stunt skills and compete for awards in over 36 categories including aerodynamics and beauty. The Kite Festival is one of the most popular annual events in Washington, DC and features kite fliers from across the U.S. and the world. C. The annual Ostrich Festival has been recognized as one of the «Top 10 Unique Festivals in the United States» with its lanky ostriches, multiple entertainment bands and many special gift and food vendors. It is truly a unique festival, and suitable for the entire family. The Festival usually holds Ostrich Races, an Exotic Zoo, Pig Races, a Sea Lion Show, a Hot Rod Show, Amateur Boxing and a Thrill Circus. D. Iceland's Viking Festival takes place in mid-June every year and lasts 6 days, no matter what the weather in Iceland may be. It's one of the most popular annual events in Iceland where you can see Viking-style costumes, musical instruments, jewelry and crafts at the Viking Village. Visitors at the Viking Festival see sword fighting by professional Vikings and demonstrations of marksmanship with bows and muscle power. They can listen to Viking songs and lectures at the festival, or grab a bite at the Viking Restaurant nearby. E. Dragon Boat Festival is one of the major holidays in Chinese culture. This summer festival was originally a time to ward off bad spirits, but now it is a celebration of the life of Qu Yuan, who was a Chinese poet of ancient period. Dragon boat festival has been an important holiday for centuries for Chinese culture, but in recent years dragon boat racing has become an international sport. F. The Mangalica Festival is held in early February at Vajdahunyad Castle in Budapest. It offers the opportunity to experience Hungarian food, music, and other aspects of Hungarian culture. The festival is named for a furry pig indigenous to the region of Hungary and the Balkans. A mangalica is a breed of pig recognizable by its curly hair and known for its fatty flesh. Sausage, cheese and other dishes made with pork can be sampled at the festival. G. Hanami is an important Japanese custom and is held all over Japan in spring. Hanami literally means «viewing flowers», but now it is a cherry blossom viewing. The origin of hanami dates back to more than one thousand years ago when aristocrats enjoyed looking at beautiful cherry blossoms and wrote poems. Nowadays, people in Japan have fun viewing cherry blossoms, drinking and eating. People bring home-cooked meals, do BBQ, or buy takeout food for hanami.