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Read the text. What do the scientists mentioned in the article and Jared Diamond agree on? Choose the correct answer. Did Polynesian rats destroy Rapa Nui's trees? by Michael Kimball, Science Reporter In 2005, Jared Diamond published Collapse. In the book, he described the human settlement of Rapa Nui (also called Easter Island). The book caused a huge controversy soon after its publication. Many scientists questioned Diamond’s theory of what happened on Rapa Nui. They agreed that the huge trees had disappeared by the time Europeans first arrived on the island in the 18th century, but they did not agree with Jared Diamond’s theory about the cause of the disappearance. Now, two scientists, Carl Lipo and Terry Hunt, have published a new theory. They believe that the Polynesian rat ate the seeds of the trees, preventing new ones from growing. The rat, they believe, was brought over either accidentally or purposefully on the canoes that the first human settlers used to land on Rapa Nui. Studies have shown that a population of rats can double every 47 days. That’s a lot of rats to feed. To support their theory, Lipo and Hunt point to the remains of palm nuts that show the gnaw marks made by rats. Of course, they acknowledge that humans did play a role in the destruction of the forests of Rapa Nui. But they believe that the Polynesian rat was an even greater culprit among a series of factors.

Choose the right option. In fact __ British Isles have a reasonable climate on the whole.

Choose the right option. The acting was poor, but we enjoyed __ music.

Choose the right option. Against her parents’ wish, she wants to be __ doctor.

Choose the right option. __ Swiss Alps are a good place to go if you like skiing.

Choose the right option. He was __ extremely boring fellow.

Choose the right option. A Frenchman was once travelling in __ England.

Choose the right option. __ young are often intolerant.

Choose the right option. The article was published in __ Times.

Choose the right option. I know there is a man like you here and I'll have __ eye on you.

Choose the right option. Christmas is __ religious holiday.

Read the text about the first package tours. Decide if the following statements are True or False. These days, most people choose a package tour, especially when they go abroad on holiday. They pay for their travel and accommodation in their own country and they take traveller’s cheques which they exchange for local money when they arrive in the foreign country. But in the past it was very different. In fact, before the middle of the nineteenth century travelling for pleasure was rare and very expensive, and only a few rich people travelled abroad. The man who changed all this and brought in the age of mass tourism was Thomas Cook. Thomas Cook was a printer in Leicester, England and the secretary of a local church organisation. In 1841 it was his job to arrange rail travel for members of his church to a meeting in Loughborough a round trip of twenty-two miles. This was the world’s first package trip. After this first success, he organised many more for his church. Then in 1845 he advertised a package tour to Liverpool for the general public, and before it took place he went to Liverpool to meet the hotel staff, and check the accommodation and restaurants. He then started to organise trips all over Britain, including the Great Exhibition in London. In 1851 he published the world’s first travel magazine which had details of trips, advice to travellers and articles and reports about the places to visit. In 1855 he took his first group of tourists to Paris and later that year led a tour of Belgium, Germany and France. The following year he opened an office in London, which his son John Mason managed. They introduced a circular ticket, which gave the traveller a single ticket to cover one journey instead of a number of tickets from all the railway companies involved. In 1866 the first group of European tourists visited New York and the Civil War battlefields of Virginia. In 1868 the Cooks went to the Holy Land with tents because there were no hotels there at that time. It was dangerous to carry large amounts of cash, so in 1874 Cook introduced an early form of traveller’s cheque, which travellers could cash at a number of hotels and banks around the world. Thomas Cook died in 1892 at the age of 84. The age of the package tour and mass tourism was born.

You are going to read an article where four students talk about their dream jobs. For questions (1-10), choose from the people (A-D). The people may be chosen more than once.

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 1. Paragraph 1 says that people …

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 2. According to recent studies of public attitude to climate change, more and more people …

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 3. What is meant by “uncomfortable truth” in paragraph 4?

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 4. What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to?

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 5. The author gives the example of cold winters in the UK to point out that …

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 6. How does the author feel about the evidence of climate change?

You have to make a summary of the article from the Ecology magazine to retell it in the lesson. Choose the right options to convey the main ideas of the article. Do you believe in climate change? This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to prove their point. Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they never asked me this before. Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is that they feel better able to express their doubts. This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played a role. Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of disconnect between the scientific process and the public. Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience. After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?" despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures. And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look at the bigger picture. You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the cause. Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight. The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds. 7. The author wants climate scientists to continue their work because …

Choose the correct variant. Christmas is an important religious holiday ... is celebrated by many people.

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. The custom of offering bread and salt to guests in Russia primarily reflects which cultural value?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. How does Maslenitsa differ from other Russian festivals mentioned in the text?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. Which of the following best explains why Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7th in Russia?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. In the context of Russian superstitions, what underlying belief might explain the prohibition against whistling indoors?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. During Easter (Paskha), the phrase "Христос воскрес!" ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged. What does this practice exemplify about Russian culture?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. Which statement best describes the role of family in Russian society based on the text?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. How does the samovar contribute to Russian tea culture beyond its practical function?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. In the "kidnapping" tradition at Russian weddings, what deeper meaning could this ritual convey?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. Which aspect of Russian folklore is most evident in the stories of Baba Yaga and the Firebird?

Read the text and choose the correct answer. Russian Customs and Traditions Russia, with its vast expanse of land and rich cultural history, is a country brimming with unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These practices reflect the deep-rooted values, spirituality, and social norms of the Russian people. From festive celebrations to everyday rituals, Russian customs offer a fascinating glimpse into the nation's identity. Hospitality One of the most cherished aspects of Russian culture is hospitality. Russians are known for their warm welcome and generosity when hosting guests. It’s customary to greet visitors with bread and salt (хлеб-соль), symbolizing nourishment and purity. This gesture dates back centuries and remains an important part of Russian etiquette. Whether it’s a formal dinner or a casual visit, offering food and drink to guests is considered essential. Traditional Festivals Russia has numerous festivals rooted in both religious and pagan traditions. Some of the most notable include: Maslenitsa: A week-long celebration before Lent, marking the end of winter. During Maslenitsa, people feast on blini (thin pancakes) and engage in lively festivities such as sledding, dancing, and burning effigies of Winter. Orthodox Christmas: Celebrated on January 7th according to the Julian calendar, this holiday involves attending church services, sharing a special meal called "sochivo" (made from wheat berries and honey), and exchanging gifts. Easter (Paskha): Another significant religious event where families paint eggs, bake kulich (a sweet Easter bread), and attend midnight liturgies. The phrase “Христос воскрес!” ("Christ is risen!") is exchanged among friends and family during this time. Superstitions and Beliefs Like many cultures, Russia has its share of superstitions that continue to influence daily life: Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck. Whistling indoors can lead to financial difficulties. Throwing spilled salt over your left shoulder wards off evil spirits. Never give empty wallets as gifts—it may cause misfortune. These beliefs often stem from ancient folklore and add a layer of mysticism to modern-day life. Family Values Family plays a central role in Russian society. Multi-generational households are common, with grandparents actively involved in raising children. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and family gatherings frequently revolve around shared meals. On Sundays or holidays, large feasts featuring traditional dishes like borscht, pelmeni, and pirozhki are prepared to bring everyone together. Dress Code and Appearance The traditional clothes of Russia vary a lot from place to place, but usually have bright colours and detailed patterns. Women wore sarafans (long dresses) paired with headscarves, while men wore long robes called kaftans. Today, these outfits are mainly reserved for special occasions or performances, though they remain iconic symbols of Russian heritage. In modern times, modesty is still important, especially in rural areas. For example, women visiting Orthodox churches must cover their heads with scarves and wear long skirts. Tea Culture Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Serving tea is more than just giving people something to drink; it's a chance for people to get together. A samovar, a traditional urn used to boil water, is often at the heart of these gatherings. Tea is usually accompanied by sweets like cookies, cakes and jam. Weddings Russian weddings are very special and full of fun and happy traditions. One popular custom is the "kidnapping" of the bride, where groomsmen hide her until the groom pays them back. Another tradition is breaking a glass after the ceremony. Each piece of glass represents a year of happiness for the newlyweds. Folklore and Storytelling Russian folklore is full of magical stories about creatures like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, and the Rusalkas. These stories are fun to read and also teach us important moral values like courage, kindness, and wisdom. Storytelling is a popular pastime, especially during the long winter nights. Conclusion The traditions of Russia show how strong and creative its people are. Russians celebrate nature, community, and faith. This makes their culture rich and interesting. By embracing these age-old practices, Russians preserve their unique identity while adapting to the ever-changing world. For anyone fortunate enough to witness or participate in these traditions, they provide a profound connection to one of the world's oldest civilisations. Based on the text, how do Russian customs and traditions reflect the country's geographical and historical influences?