Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. The kind of career you have can ...
ПОЛУЧИТЬ ОТВЕТ Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. Most people are the happiest in jobs that...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. People should understand their values prior ...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. There are as many kinds of careers as....
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. You can develop an understanding of your values by ...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. The kind of career can determine ...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. Each person has many values, which vary...
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. To make wise career decisions and plans you need....
Read the text and choose the correct option. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise career decisions and plans you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career. Learning about one. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a high income. Some people for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are the happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people- that is , wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is the most important to you and by examining your belief. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values. The kind of a career can reflect ...
Read the text and choose the correct option to complete the sentences. Your digital footprint Every time you go online you leave a trail. This is just like a real footprint. It reveals where you’ve been, how long you stayed and what you’ve been doing there. Every time you register for an online service, send an email, download a video or upload a photo, the information can be accessed and your digital footprint can be revealed. This shouldn’t necessarily be worrying but it is advisable to be aware of your digital footprint and to be cautious and sensible when you are online. Six top tips for taking care of your digital footprint 1.Don’t forget to log off when you leave a website, especially if you are using a shared computer. If you don’t, someone can easily pretend to be you! 2.Don’t tell anyone your passwords and don’t write them down in an obvious place. Make them more complex by using a combination of letters, numbers and punctuation marks. 3.Tell an adult if you come across anything online that makes you upset, anxious or concerned. There are ways to report inappropriate or abusive content and in most cases web managers respond rapidly. 4.Remember your favourite websites by using the history button and the bookmark function on your computer or mobile device. This is a way that your digital footprint can work in your favour, but remember to clear your browser history regularly. 5.If you want to post comments online, you don’t have to use your own name. Invent a nickname to use instead. You can also use a picture instead of a real photo. 6.If you want to post comments online, you don’t have to use your own name. Invent a nickname to use instead. You can also use a picture instead of a real photo. Think about the future All kinds of people are interested in your digital footprint. It's now quite common for colleges, universities and employers to check out the online profiles of possible candidates as part of their application process. There are cases of people having missed out on jobs and places in college because their digital footprint didn’t impress the recruiters. So, remember: keep safe, don’t put too much personal information online and always think carefully before you post something. Ask yourself, ‘Would I be happy for absolutely everyone to see this?’ When you go online, you …
Match the words to make phrases.
Choose the correct option. The miners are tired. They ........ in the mine for six hours now.
Choose the correct option. Gemma ........ the news every evening at 6 pm.
Read and choose the correct statement. A fire that burned for 22 hours after a factory exploded has finally been extinguished. The explosion occurred at 6 pm when the factory was closed. “At first I thought it was an earthquake!” recalls Lucy Brown, an eye-witness who lives in the area. From her window, she could see clouds of dark smoke and fireballs shooting into the sky. Shortly after the blast, the residents were evacuated to a nearby college. However, the area has now been deemed safe for them to return to their homes. Officials have confirmed that there were no casualties as a result of the explosion. Although there were no serious injuries, two factory guards were sent to the hospital for smoke inhalation.
Choose the correct option.
Choose the correct option. Have you ........ the plane tickets yet?
Choose the correct option. The volcano chaser ........ Hawaii three times so far.
Read and choose the correct statement. At the side of a railway line in North Carolina, a bus lies mangled, crushed beneath the weight of a freight train. Half of the bus is missing, its roof warped and twisted. While this may look like the scene of a terrible accident, it is actually the set of a spectacular film stunt! The remnants of the crash were left as a tourist attraction and have been untouched for the past 18 years. Most filmmakers usually opt for scaled-down models to film train wrecks, but this director believed that the use of models would be “cheating!” Instead, he insisted upon producing a real train crash and was even given a budget of £1 million to do so! The result of his ambition is one of the most iconic train wrecks in film history. He even won an award for best action scene of the year.
Choose the correct option. ........ Peter nor William has experienced a natural disaster.
Choose the correct option. Lightning ........ during the storm last night.
Choose the correct option. What time ........ the plane usually land?
Choose the correct option. There were ........ people injured during the car crash.
You will hear 4 short dialogues. Match the dialogues (A-D) with the places. One place is extra.
Choose the correct option. There is ........ hope of finding his belongings in the rubble.
Read and choose the correct statement. Joshua Stanley has had a lucky escape after he fell down a mineshaft, injuring his skull. The teenager, who had been exploring the mine with a friend, lost his grip and plummeted to the bottom of the shaft in the early hours of the morning. Emergency services were called to the scene and were assisted by more than 50 people from a nearby campsite. By using various ropes and baskets, the teenager was hoisted to the opening of the mine. The rescue operation took a total of six hours, after which Joshua was rushed to hospital where he received treatment for his head injury. He admitted that entering the shaft after dark had been irresponsible, and thanked all the people involved for their efforts. “Without them, I’d still be stuck down there,” he said.
Read and choose the correct statement. Yesterday afternoon, an oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, leaving 16 workers in intensive care. The explosion triggered an oil spill which continues to flow into the ocean at a rate of 53,000 barrels per day. The Grande Isle in Louisiana, once a beautiful sandy coastline, is now covered in a layer of black oil. Countless marine animals have been washed up along the shore, trapped in the thick slime. Volunteers have rescued hundreds of animals so far, but there is concern that thousands of species will be affected by the most disastrous oil spill in history. A full investigation into the exact cause of the explosion is currently underway.
Choose the correct option. Martin ........ to Peru tomorrow.
Choose the correct option. Gemma ........ the news every evening at 6 pm.
Choose the correct option. There is ........ hope of finding his belongings in the rubble.
Read and choose the correct statement. Yesterday afternoon, an oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, leaving 16 workers in intensive care. The explosion triggered an oil spill which continues to flow into the ocean at a rate of 53,000 barrels per day. The Grande Isle in Louisiana, once a beautiful sandy coastline, is now covered in a layer of black oil. Countless marine animals have been washed up along the shore, trapped in the thick slime. Volunteers have rescued hundreds of animals so far, but there is concern that thousands of species will be affected by the most disastrous oil spill in history. A full investigation into the exact cause of the explosion is currently underway.
Choose the correct option. ........ Peter nor William has experienced a natural disaster.
Choose the correct option. The miners are tired. They ........ in the mine for six hours now.
You will hear 4 short dialogues. Match the dialogues (A-D) with the places. One place is extra.
Read and choose the correct statement. At the side of a railway line in North Carolina, a bus lies mangled, crushed beneath the weight of a freight train. Half of the bus is missing, its roof warped and twisted. While this may look like the scene of a terrible accident, it is actually the set of a spectacular film stunt! The remnants of the crash were left as a tourist attraction and have been untouched for the past 18 years. Most filmmakers usually opt for scaled-down models to film train wrecks, but this director believed that the use of models would be “cheating!” Instead, he insisted upon producing a real train crash and was even given a budget of £1 million to do so! The result of his ambition is one of the most iconic train wrecks in film history. He even won an award for best action scene of the year.
Choose the correct option. Martin ........ to Peru tomorrow.
Choose the correct option. The volcano chaser ........ Hawaii three times so far.
Choose the correct option. There were ........ people injured during the car crash.
Choose the correct option. Lightning ........ during the storm last night.
Read and choose the correct statement. A fire that burned for 22 hours after a factory exploded has finally been extinguished. The explosion occurred at 6 pm when the factory was closed. “At first I thought it was an earthquake!” recalls Lucy Brown, an eye-witness who lives in the area. From her window, she could see clouds of dark smoke and fireballs shooting into the sky. Shortly after the blast, the residents were evacuated to a nearby college. However, the area has now been deemed safe for them to return to their homes. Officials have confirmed that there were no casualties as a result of the explosion. Although there were no serious injuries, two factory guards were sent to the hospital for smoke inhalation.
Match the words to make phrases.
Read and choose the correct statement. Joshua Stanley has had a lucky escape after he fell down a mineshaft, injuring his skull. The teenager, who had been exploring the mine with a friend, lost his grip and plummeted to the bottom of the shaft in the early hours of the morning. Emergency services were called to the scene and were assisted by more than 50 people from a nearby campsite. By using various ropes and baskets, the teenager was hoisted to the opening of the mine. The rescue operation took a total of six hours, after which Joshua was rushed to hospital where he received treatment for his head injury. He admitted that entering the shaft after dark had been irresponsible, and thanked all the people involved for their efforts. “Without them, I’d still be stuck down there,” he said.
Choose the correct option. ________ your hand if you know the correct answer.
Choose the correct item. ... Peter nor William has experienced a natural disaster.
Read the text and choose the correct options. Read the dialogue and choose the correct options. Mary: Oh, what a nice photo! Who are all these people in it? Jane: This is my family. I have a very big family: I have two sisters, and my father has two brothers. Mary: Oh, is your father a tall man with a beard in the second row? Jane: Well, not exactly... He is in the second row but on the right — a tall man with dark hair in a blue shirt. The man with a beard is his brother John. Mary: And where is your mum? Jane: She is on the left in the second row, do you see her? Mary: Oh, a blonde woman wearing a dress? Jane: Yes, that's right! Mary: Oh my God! And next to her is you! With these funny pigtails! Jane: Yeah, I was eight when my grandpa took this photo!
Read the texts and choose the correct options. There can be more than one correct answer. Adventure travel Time for an adventure? Are you a bit bored with your nine-to-five routine? Have a look at our exciting range of holidays and decide what type of adventure you’d like. Activity holidays Our activity holidays are for everyone, people who love danger or who just like sports. We have a huge variety of water, snow or desert holidays. We’ll take you SCUBA diving in the Red Sea or kayaking and white water rafting in Canada. If you prefer snow, you can try skiing or snowboarding in the Alps or even igloo-building. For those who like warmer weather, we also have sandboarding (the desert version of skateboarding) or camel safaris. Polar expeditions Take a cruise to Antarctica or the northern Arctic; explore a land of white natural beauty and wonderful wildlife. Our experts will explain everything about the two poles as you watch the penguins in Antarctica or whales and polar bears in the Arctic. There's no greater adventure than travelling to the ends of the earth. A once-in-a-lifetime experience! Cultural journeys Our cultural journeys will help you discover ancient civilisations: India, Thailand, Egypt and many more. Visit temples, palaces and ancient ruins – just remember to bring your camera! Get to know local ways of life by exploring markets, trying exotic foods and meeting local people. Trekking tours We have trekking holidays to famous places such as Machu Picchu or the Everest Base Camp Trek, as well as some nearer to home in the Highlands of Scotland. You don’t need to be very sporty, just fairly fit. You’ll have a great time enjoying nature with a group of new friends. Some of the holidays include camping, but we’ll transport the tents for you! Wildlife holidays We organise small-group tours to get closer to nature in Africa, Asia or South America. Go on safari in Africa and watch lions and giraffes. Meet the famous turtles of the Galapagos Islands. Look for tigers in India, or take an elephant safari in Sri Lanka. We use local guides and stay in a range of accommodation, from tents to tree houses. On which holiday(s) can you see animals?
Choose the correct option. Which is the correct passive voice sentence for this sentence? "They offer more jobs in the city".
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. Choose the correct option. A: Sorry I didn't come to the Greenpeace meeting last night. I couldn't make it. B: If I __________ (know) that, I _______________ (change) the date.
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. Choose the correct option. A: If I __________ (know) about the park clean up, I ____________ (sign/up) to help. B: Don't worry. There's going to be another one next week.
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. Choose the correct option. A: I wish I ________ (know) you were free last weekend. We could have gone out somewhere together. B: Oh, that ________ (be) nice!
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. Choose the correct option. A: It's pouring down. We're going to get soaked. B: I wish I _____________ (bring) my umbrella with me.
Advanced level Read the text and choose the correct options according to the text. The Role and Influence of Mass Media Mass media is communication – whether written, broadcast, or spoken – that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio, advertising, movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, and so forth. Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture, where media reflects and creates the culture. Communities and individuals are bombarded constantly with messages from a multitude of sources including TV, billboards, and magazines, to name a few. These messages promote not only products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. Mass media makes possible the concept of celebrity: without the ability of movies, magazines, and news media to reach across thousands of miles, people could not become famous. In fact, only political and business leaders, as well as the few notorious outlaws, were famous in the past. Only in recent times have actors, singers, and other social elites become celebrities or “stars.” The current level of media saturation has not always existed. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s, television, for example, consisted of primarily three networks, public broadcasting, and a few local independent stations. These channels aimed their programming primarily at two‐parent, middle‐class families. Even so, some middle‐class households did not even own a television. Today, one can find a television in the poorest of homes, and multiple TVs in most middle‐class homes. Not only has availability increased, but programming is increasingly diverse with shows aimed to please all ages, incomes, backgrounds, and attitudes. This widespread availability and exposure makes television the primary focus of most mass‐media discussions. More recently, the Internet has increased its role exponentially as more businesses and households “sign on”. Although TV and the Internet have dominated the mass media, movies and magazines – particularly those lining the aisles at grocery checkout stands – also play a powerful role in culture, as do other forms of media. What role does mass media play? Legislatures, media executives, local school officials, and sociologists have all debated this controversial question. While opinions vary as to the extent and type of influence the mass media wields, all sides agree that mass media is a permanent part of modern culture.
